The March 2011 edition of the Journal of Palliative Medicine contained a literature survey on UK doctors attitudes to either assisted voluntary euthanasia (AVE), or physician assisted suicide (PAS), or both titled UK doctors consistently oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide.
Between 1990 and 2010 the authors
Dr Ruaidhr McCormack, Dr M Clifford and Dr M Conroy of the Milford Care Centre, Limerick, Ireland, found and studied 16 key studies.
These studies examined UK doctors’ attitudes to either AVE or PAS, or both. Qualitative and quantitative data were included.
Definitions of these terms are considered controversial. The authors were guided by the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) ethics task force, who defined
- euthanasia as: “a doctor intentionally killing a person by the administration of drugs, at that person’s voluntary and competent request”.
- PAS was further defined as: “a doctor intentionally helping a person to commit suicide by providing drugs for self-administration, at that person’s voluntary and competent request”.
In both instances, the patient plays an active role and must provide explicit consent.
The majority of doctors opposed AVE in all of the studies but one (11 of the studies examined attitudes to AVE). The majority of doctors were against PAS in eight of the ten studies examining this topic. One study was unclear due to the question phrasing, while a study of ICU physicians demonstrated majority support for PAS. Six studies asked doctors if they would perform these practices were they made legal, on average only about a quarter would be willing (PAS: 25 %, AVE: 23 %).
One of the strongest predictors of a doctor’s unwillingness was religiosity, with the most faithful least likely to consider assisting death, or supporting its UK introduction. Other factors consistently highlighted were that palliative care reduces suffering and limits the need for assisted dying, the need for adequate safeguards were AVE or PAS introduced, and the idea of a profession to facilitate these practices that does not include doctors. “Further studies are necessary to establish if subgroup variables other than degree of religiosity influence attitudes, and to thoroughly explore the qualitative themes that appeared,” said McCormack. Themes such as AVE/PAS in the contexts of technological advancement, increased “medicalisation” and reducing futile medical treatment, an opt-out clause for individual doctors, and concern about patient’s mental state and level of autonomy all merit future research.
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The study was the first systematic review specifically looking at the attitudes of UK doctors. According to a British Social Attitudes survey published in 2007, up to 80 percent of the British public support voluntary euthanasia by a doctor in the case of terminal illness, and up to 60 percent support PAS given the same scenario.
(comm RJ: of course a bias can be that this study was performed by Palliative Care Specialists; the results were interesting enough to include this publication on the WF website. Also teh definitions used by the authors may have influenced outcomes and certianbly colour the conclusions)